Was The Nationalist Movement For A Stronger free essay sample

Government A Reaction To Excesses Following The Revolution Essay, Research Paper The patriot movement for a more grounded specialists was non a response to abundances following the transformation, rather, it was a response to inadequacies. The Articles of Confederation gave the United States Congress about no force in doing conclusions that would discover the Torahs of the state and income upgrade. The patriot movement prompted the sacred show that established the United States Constitution that at long last supplanted the Articles of Confederation. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was denied the privilege to income upgrade the residents it spoke to. During harmony cut this may hold been a minor issue however when it came clasp to fight a war or take care of the Revolutionary War obligations, Congress ended up begging areas for monetary help. States only from time to time helped out Congress by giving them the cash they requested and Congress was frail about this. We will compose a custom article test on Was The Nationalist Movement For A Stronger or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It required more force and approval. On the off chance that Congress needed to include or modify a national statute, each region needed to hold by marking it ; else it fizzled, rather than the now, progressively fitting, two tierces of the agents. Congress was required to deal with the state s concern, for example, military issues, territory to region contrasts, remote dealingss, and Native American individual businesss under such limitations. The Articles of Confederation joined the frail national specialists of the United States by simply two things: one was the United States Congress ; the other was an acknowledgment of the way that the territories were genuinely near one another. Congress joined the areas by attempting to do Torahs and set rules. The regions were moving just as they were every free states, non one join majority rule government. After the war, yet before England had even authoritatively marked a settlement, dealer ships from Europe flooded into American ports and offered purchaser focuses. People groups who had put off buying things during the war in view of the British encompassing or as a result of individual misfortune presently seized the chance to buy products from Europe. An abrupt resurgence of exchange put the American monetary framework through extreme occasions. At the point when the troublesome money of gold and Ag left America, the American monetary framework endured an about deadly blow. At the point when merchandiser houses brought in their obligations, numerous American customers wound up about bankrupt. In 1783, officials of the Continental Army positioned in Newburgh, New York imagined that Congress would disband them without financing their benefits. They started to buttonhole for mitigation. In March, gatherings were planned to fight the Congress failings and fraudulences. Alexander Hamilton trusted that the ground powers had applied satisfactory power per unit territory on the specialists that Americans would revise the Articles. George Washington would non digest a specialists count by the military no undertaking how seriously he needed a solid cardinal specialists. At Newburgh Washington went in forepart of his officials importance to peruse a readied articulation. While grabbing with his spectacless before his work powers he remarked, Gentlemen, you should pardon me. I have developed dark in your administration and now happen myself turning blind. The introduction of General George Washington sent the military faculties to cryings, and the insubordination was broken that flic ker of an eye. In 1786, a veteran of the contention of Bunker Hill, Daniel Shays and his furnished neighbors shut a region town hall in Massachusetts where lenders were actioning to forestall ranch contracts. They even taken steps to prehend the government ordnance at Springfield. Congress didn Ts have cash to set down the insubordination yet numerous prosperous Bostonians did. The arsenal would hold fallen in the event that it hadn t been for the ground powers of four 1000 military staffs raised by the Bostonians to set down the defiance. Despite the fact that the disobedience fizzled, in the accompanying general political decision Massachusetts # 8217 ; voters chose agents that were thoughtful to Shays requests. At the point when knowledge of this agitation in Massachusetts spread all through the state, numerous representatives were convinced to go to the Philadelphia meeting to layout another crucial law. These occasions helped the loyalists change individuals s heads ; they could non shortcoming the Confederation however they figured more grounded cardinal specialists could hold carried more stableness to the state. In spite of being a response to surpluss, it was a final desperate attempt to ointment the United States of America. 3d4

Education in “The Republic” “Discourse on the Arts and Sciences” Free Essays

The job and centrality of instruction with respect to political and social establishments is a subject that has intrigued political savants for centuries. Specifically, the perspectives on the old Greek thinker Plato, as confirm in The Republic, and of the pre-Romantic scholar Jean Jacques Rousseau in his Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, present a striking juxtaposition of the two boundaries of the progressing philosophical and political discussion over the capacity and estimation of instruction. In this paper, I will contend that Rousseau’s disavowal of instruction, while defective and offering no solution for the ills it belittles, is better since it comes nearer than reality of things than does Plato’s admired originations. We will compose a custom article test on Training in â€Å"The Republic† â€Å"Discourse on the Arts and Sciences† or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now To do as such, I will initially analyze Plato’s understanding of the job of instruction and its capacity in molding the structure of society and government and in creating productive members of society. I will at that point present Rousseau’s perspective on instruction and the negative impacts of the edified culture which it delivers, and utilizing this view, will endeavor to delineate the naivete and over-romanticizing of Plato’s thoughts. At last, I will endeavor to show that it is Rousseau’s see, instead of Plato’s, that is eventually increasingly critical in surveying the real (versus glorified) merits (or deficiency in that department, in Rousseau’s case) by which instruction ought to be decided as to the nurturance of productive members of society. For Plato, the topic of the job of instruction emerges close to the finish of Book II (377e), after a conversation of both the vital and resulting traits of Socrates’ kallipolis or â€Å"Ideal City. Such a city, Socrates contends, will, after a short time, have need of both a specialization of work (all together for the best degree of decent variety and extravagance of merchandise to be accomplished) and of the foundation of a class of â€Å"Guardians† to shield the city from its desirous neighbors and keep up request inside its dividers (I. e. , to police and oversee the city). This, thusly, drives unyieldingly to the topic of what qualities the Ideal City will expect of its Guardians, and how best to cultivate such properties. The early, youth instruction of the Guardians, Socrates contends, is the key. What, at that point, asks Socrates, should youngsters be instructed, and when? This rapidly prompts a conversation of control. Socrates refers to various flawed entries from Homer which can't, he believes, be permitted in training, since they speak to despicable conduct and energize the dread of death. The emotional type of quite a bit of this verse is additionally suspect: it places shameful words into the mouths of divine beings legends. Socrates proposes that what we would call â€Å"direct quotation† must be carefully constrained to ethically hoisting discourse. Nothing can be allowed that bargains the training of the youthful Guardians, as it is they who will one day lead and ensure the city, and whom the lesser-established residents of the polis will endeavor to copy, acclimatizing, through the imitative procedure of mimesis, to the Myth (or â€Å"noble lie†) of the Ideal City wherein equity is accomplished when everybody accept their appropriate job in the public eye. The procedure of mimesis, is, obviously, one more type of instruction, in which those of Iron and Bronze natures are â€Å"instructed† and propelled by the prevalent knowledge and character of the Gold and Silver individuals from the Guardian class. It is in this way a type of instruction without which the polis can't work. Along these lines, for Guardian and common resident the same, the training of the youthful and the proceeding â€Å"instruction† of the populace are urgent. Notwithstanding these perspectives, Plato likewise thinks about another capacity of training, and one which is very critical in its connection to Rousseau’s sees. For Plato, instruction and morals are associated. To be moral, thus, requires a twofold development: development away from drenching in solid undertakings to intuition and vision of perpetual request and structures, (for example, equity) and afterward development once again from rationalization to interest and re-connection in common issues. It is an impulse to turn into a theoretical researcher. Be that as it may, the vision of the great is simply the vision of what is beneficial for oneself and the city †of the benefit of all. In the event that one doesn't come back to help his kindred individuals, he gets childish and in time will be less ready to perceive what is acceptable, what is ideal. An unselfish commitment to the great requires an unselfish dedication to the acknowledgment of this great in human issues. Similarly as the motivation behind getting request and cutoff points in one’s own life is to realize request and restriction in one’s own character and wants, the comprehension of equity requires application in the open circle (through training). A man who overlooks the polis resembles a man who overlooks he has a body. Plato in this way advocates teaching both the body and the city (for one needs both), not walking out on them. On the off chance that training is, for Plato, the methods by which man comes to completely acknowledge (through society) his potential as a person and by which society all in all is thusly raised, for Rousseau it is an incredible inverse. Instruction, contends Rousseau, doesn't lift the spirits of men yet rather erodes them. The honorable mimesis which lies at the core of instruction in Plato’s kallipolis is for Rousseau only a servile impersonation of the drained thoughts of classical times. The evil impacts of this impersonation are complex. Right off the bat, contends Rousseau, when we commit ourselves to the learning of old thoughts, we smother our own imagination and innovation. Where is there space for unique idea, when, in our ceaseless endeavors to intrigue each other with our education, we are continually rambling the thoughts of others? In a world without creativity, the characteristic of enormity, insight, and righteousness is diminished to just our capacity to satisfy others by recounting the knowledge of the past. This accentuation on creativity is in checked diverge from Plato, who finds no an incentive in inventiveness, regarding it contradictory to a polis in any case bound together by shared Myths of the Ideal City and of Metals. Rousseau dismisses this â€Å"unity†, properly upbraiding it as a type of bondage , in which humanity’s intrinsic limit with respect to unconstrained, unique self-articulation is supplanted with the burdening. of the brain and the will to the thoughts of others, who are regularly long dead. Notwithstanding smothering the intrinsic human requirement for creativity, training (and the hunger for â€Å"culture† and â€Å"sophistication† that it incites) makes us cover ourselves, to veil our actual natures, wants, and feelings. We become fake and shallow, utilizing our social conveniences and our insight into writing, and so forth , to introduce a satisfying however tricky face to the world, a thought comfortable with the thoughts of Plato. We expect, in Rousseau’s words, â€Å"the appearance all things considered, without being in control of one of them. At last, contends Rousseau, as opposed to reinforcing our psyches and bodies and (a basic point) moving us towards that which is moral, as Plato battles, training and human advancement feminine and debilitate us truly and (maybe most altogether) intellectually, and cause us, in this shortcoming, to go as far as each way of degeneracy and unfairness against each other. â€Å"External ornaments,† composes Rousseau, â€Å"are no less unfamiliar to temperance, which is the quality and action of the brain. The legit man is a competitor, who wants to wrestle distinct bare; he despises each one of those abhorrent trappings, which forestall the effort of his quality, and were, generally, concocted uniquely to hide some disfigurement. † Virtue, instead of Plato’s origination, is an activity, and results not from the impersonation inborn in mimesis, yet rather in the movement †in the activity †of the body, brain and soul. Instruction, be that as it may, requests impersonation, requests a displaying upon what has been fruitful. How, at that point, do we properly survey the benefits of training with respect to its it embellishment of the open character †in its capacity to deliver â€Å"good† residents. The response to this pivots, I submit, on how we decide to characterize the â€Å"good† resident. Obviously, if acquiescence (or â€Å"assimilation to a political ideology†, or maybe â€Å"voluntary servitude†) is the sign of the productive member of society, at that point we should view Plato’s attitude towards training as the correct one. Be that as it may, acquiescence, regardless of its conspicuous centrality to the smooth activity of society (as we would have social turmoil were it totally missing), has its valuable cutoff points. Over-osmosis to a political thought or â€Å"blueprint† is just as risky †to be sure, unmistakably more so †as the express under-digestion of rebellion. For those slanted to question this, I would ask them to audit the historical backdrop of Nazi Germany as maybe the conclusive case of what miserable, dreadful displays of foul play we people are equipped for when we exchange our psychological and otherworldly self-rule for the helpful lack of concern and nondescript obscurity of the political perfect. Moreover, if , as Rousseau fights, our development is with the end goal that, â€Å"Sincere kinship, genuine regard, and impeccable certainty [in each other] are exiled from among men,† what is the nature of the general public for which training †any cutting edge instruction †indicates to sets us up? When, â€Å"Jealousy, doubt, dread briskness, hold, despise, and misrepresentation lie continually disguised under †¦ [a] uniform and tricky cover of politeness,† what is left to us to teach c

Teenage Immigrants and problems they face - Free Essay Example

America was founded as a nation of immigrants. With the exception of Native Americans, who predate recorded history, Americans are descendants of people born elsewhere. Over the past 500 years, millions of people from different countries have come to the United States seeking freedom, peace, and the opportunity promised by the American Dream. Between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries people came to America seeking everything from greater physical space to freedom from political or religious persecution. During this era there were also thousands of Africans arriving to America in chains. They were sold as slaves to plantation owners. In the twentieth century millions of Europeans sailed to America seeking better opportunities. Although many laws have been implemented throughout the years to regulate entrance to this country, people continue to come in great numbers seeking similar dreams. In fact, over one million immigrants enter the United States each year (PBS, 2009). Passi g describes the four main difficulties experienced by immigrants upon entrance to the U. S. as the language barrier, social difficulties, emotional imbalance, and mental difficulties. Most immigrants are not fluent in the English language. This heightens their feelings of loneliness and alienation. The added pressures of learning a new language and deciphering Americas behavioral patterns and social norms can pose many emotional and mental difficulties for immigrants. Passigs research suggests that the ages between 11 and 22 years are not optimal for coping with these difficulties. It is believed that teen immigrants have more difficulty coping with immigration than adults because they are simultaneously coping with the physiological and psychological changes resulting from age-related development (Passig, Eden, Heled, 2007). According to the U. S. Census Bureau, around 400,000 people try to enter the United States illegally each year. Of this group, about 10 percent are mino rs. Many endure hardships Teen Immigrants 1 coming to America. A 19-year-old high school student who emigrated from Mexico described his illegal journey to the U. S. in an interview published in The Grady Journal: â€Å"I walked a ton and we suffered because there was no water and it was very hot†, â€Å"A man who came with the group died on the way, but when we crossed the border I was happy. My American dream had become reality. † (2009). A 16-year-old student also interviewed in The Grady Journal shared her family’s experience working with coyotes to come to America from Mexico when she was eleven years old. Coyotes are American citizens that charge money to bring foreigners into the U. S. Coyotes have been known to drop immigrants off in the middle of nowhere, keeping their money and leaving them to die. The student described walking through the desert four days. She also said the coyotes were bad to her family and did not even provide them with water to drink. She recalled feeling sad, scared and worthless during her. However, she considered herself and her family members to be lucky to have survived the journey since thousands of immigrants have died while trying to enter the country illegally. Teens such as these suffer to make it safely to the U. S. nd later struggle to fit in to a new culture (2009). Regardless of their method of journey to the U. S. , teen immigrants face a wide range of acceptance, rejection and disregard. They leave behind friends, family and all aspects of life in their native countries in the hopes of making better lives for themselves in America. For many immigrant youths, the transition to high school is the most challenging of their obstacles. Besides learning a new language, immigrant teenagers have to make friends, and adjust to the different technology that is used in American schools. Many immigrant teens also struggle with conflicts posed by their parents’ desire for them to remain fai thful to native cultural traditions and their individual desires to acclimate to the cultural traditions of American teens (Sridhar, 2008). For many teenage immigrants, American schools are their first experience with formal education. In most developing countries poverty and cultural tradition limit the opportunities of female youths to obtain a formal education. Many families, especially those with many children, can not afford the incidental expenses associated with educating their children. The cost of voluntary contributions, uniforms, books, and bus fares can make even free education expensive. When the costs are weighed against the limited opportunities for educated females to obtain paying jobs, most families choose to keep daughters at home. There she is able to contribute to the household by cleaning, cooking, collecting wood and water, and looking after younger children. According to the UNICEF League Table of Girls Out of School, the percentage of primary school age g irls out of school in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa is as high as ninety- four percent, with a regional average of fifty percent. The regional average of Middle East and North Africa, as well as, Asia and Pacific is twenty-two percent. When these numbers are compared to the seven percent regional averages of the Americas rand Europe, it is clear to see the disparity amongst nations (UNICEF, nd). In a January New York Times article, Jennifer Medina discusses the educational impacts of teenage immigrants in New York City schools. Medina estimates that of the 150,000 non- English speaking students in the city, more than 15,000 have had little or no formal schooling, and are often illiterate in their native languages. Stephanie Grasso, an English teacher in the South Bronx, explained to Medina that many immigrant teens have not learned do not have a notion of what it means to be a student. In addition to the expected challenges immigrants face, these children have the added dis advantage of having to learn how to be a student how to ask questions and understand things for themselves (Medina, 2009). The State of New York has established a formal classification for teenage immigrants new to the educational experience Students with Interrupted Formal Education. Statistics from New York City’s Department of Education show a fifty percent increase in the number of Students with Interrupted Formal Education over the past ten years. In 2007, the graduation rate of these students was a mere twenty-nine percent against the city’s overall sixty-two percent average. A study was performed during this same timeframe, through which Elaine Klein, a linguistics professor at City University of New York, followed ninety-eight Students with Interrupted Formal Education. Within twelve months, Professor Klein reported that only forty- eight of the students had remained in school. The other fifty students had either returned to their home countries, left s chool for unskilled jobs, or disappeared. The State of New York does not offer any additional financing for Students with Interrupted Formal Education. In 2008 New York City provided $2. 5 million to fifty-three schools with a large population of these students; however, this only equated to $165 dollars extra per student. As a result of these limited resources and the negative impact these children have on school ratings, many school administrators are allowing these children to fall through the cracks. A principal at a Queens high school was quoted as saying â€Å"Look, you have to understand my position: what this group does for my school is bring down my numbers† (Medina, 2009). With many administrators adopting a similar attitude to that expressed by the Queens principal, many are left to ponder the question of who is going to serve these children. To address this issue, Norma Vega, a New York City social worker and former principal, established Ellis Prep School. Ell is is an acronym for English Language Learners and International Support. In addition to the State’s standard per-pupil funding, Ms. Vega was able to secure a four year, $200,000 grant from the Institute for Student Achievement, and $76,000 from New York City. In addition to teachers, Ms. Vega’s staff includes academic coaches to sit at students’ sides in class to walk them through lessons. Ellis students are organized into small groups, compiled in such a way as to provide newer students the benefit of working with more experienced students on which they can rely for explanations and translations. The Ellis curriculum includes English, math, history, science, and electives including violin and dance. Ellis has the same graduation requirements as other high schools. Although it is too soon to report on the success of Ellis’ academic program, Ms. Vega is confident that it will better serve Students with Interrupted Formal Education than the tradition al public school system. Ms. Vega has said, â€Å"If they were all sent to regular high schools, they would simply be lost† (Medina, 2009). Interviews with teenage immigrants prove that aside from all the obstacles they face, teen immigrants find plenty to be happy about. One freshman immigrant from Mexico joked that what he liked most about this country are the cute girls. Many others appreciate the better schools and jobs. One student summarized his American experience simply: â€Å"I like freedom. † (The Grady Journal, 2009). References Barnard, A. (2009). Voicing pain through performance. (2009, Apr 13). New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009 from https://www. nytimes. com/2009/04/13/nyregion/ 13websloan. html Blasingame, J. , Lipski, L. (2004). [Review of First crossing: stories about teen immigrants]. Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy, 48, 2, 74-175. Retrieved October 23, 2009 from https://mylibrary. wilmu. du:2053/ehost/pdfvid=4hid=102sid=3df20c5c-59 de-43ac- a978-c24333faeb49%40sessionmgr104 Medina, J. (2009). In school for the first time, teenage immigrants struggle. (2009, Jan 24). New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009 from https://www. nytimes. com/2009/01/25/ education/25ellis. html Passig, D. , Eden, S. , Heled, M. (2007). The impact of Virtual Reality on the awareness of teenagers to social and emotional experiences of immigrant classmates. Springer Science + Business Media, LLC. Retrieved October 23, 2009 from https://mylibrary. wilmu. edu:2053/ehost/pdf? id=5hid=102sid=3df20c5c-59de -43ac-a978-c24333faeb49%40sessionmgr104 Sridhar, P. (2008). Teen immigrants face unique challenges. Medill Reports, Northwestern University. Retrieved October 23, 2009 from https://news. medill. northwestern. edu/ washington/news. aspx? id=90033 The Grady Journal. (2009). Immigrants struggle to fit in at U. S. high schools. Retrieved October 23, 2009 from https://www. gradyjournal. com/? p=3176 UNICEF. (nd). League Table of Girls Out o f School. Retrieved October 25, 2009 from https://www. unicef. org/pon96/leag1edu. htm Teen Immigrants 7

David Hume And Rene Descartes - 1816 Words

We often question who we are and what makes us who we are. What makes us the same person from one moment to another? Identity is what makes something what it is, and makes it distinct from others. We cannot simply say we are who we are, but we must look deeper into the concepts of our mind and body, our perceptions, and memory. Well-known philosophers, David Hume and Rene Descartes are some of the individuals who searched for an answer and definition of personal identity. Both considered the perceptions of their mind and came up with two different conclusions. One stating that personal identity in unintelligible, and the other confirming that what makes one certain of their existence is their ability to think and perceive. David Hume begins his discussion of personal identity by denying that we have any idea of what the self is. At any given moment we are caught with a perception in mind. Every impression leads to an idea, but the self is so complex that it cannot be derived from a single impression. Rather, the self is, â€Å"that to which our several impressions and ideas are suppos’d to have a reference.† (Hume, 251). For an impression to lead to the idea of self, it must remain constant at all times since the self is to always exist (251). Feelings and sensations can surpass each other, and are not constantly present at the same time. Because of this, it is impossible for the idea of self to be concluded from one impression. Hume believes that all ideas are separate andShow MoreRelatedDescartes and Hume: A Look at Skepticism and Finding Stability915 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes was a skeptic, and thus he believed that in order for something to be considered a true piece of knowledge, that â€Å"knowledge must have a certain stability,† (Cottingham 21). In his work, Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes concludes that in order to achieve this stability, he must start at the foundations for all of his opinions and find the basis of doubt in each of them. David Hume, however, holds a different position on skepticism in his work An Enquiry concerning Human UnderstandingRead MoreThe Philosophical Issue Of Knowledge1237 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as David Hume and Rene Descartes. This paper focuses on a philosophical issue: how we acquire knowledge, the philosophers who explored and talked about it, the concerns available and our present view on the current issue. Knowledge is having information, skills, facts and expertise regarding a particular concern or the world at general that increases the faculty of human beings. Well, in philosophy, Epistemology is the process by which knowledge is acquired. The two philosophers, Hume and DescartesRead MoreRene Descartes And Kant1013 Words   |  5 PagesAs with many philosophers worth studying, a common theme present amongst Renà © Descartes, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant is the fact that all three philosophers challenged the traditional ways of thinking about philosophy respective to their eras. In certain aspects, all three of these philosophers also grappled with understanding, discovering, and logically explaining the power of the mind to shape whole truths. From Descartes’ foundational work with methodological doubt to Kant’s contribution to previousRead MoreDavid Hume s Bundle 1041 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction to David Hume’s ‘bundle’ (written as a re ply to Descartes) The silhouette of a subject was drawn by a council of moments and David Hume named it an illusion, humanity named it the self. In the modern ages of philosophy while Rene Descartes’ affect still remains eminent, David Hume comes with an argument which kills the I Descartes created and lets it fly as a ghost in human perception. Not only in the case of the subject, the contrast between Hume’s and Descartes’ ideas can be seenRead More Descartes And Hume Essay545 Words   |  3 Pagesand through skepticism the modern world began. The French philosopher, Renà © Descartes who implemented reason to find truth, as well as the British empiricist David Hume with his usage of analytic-synthetic distinction, most effectively utilized the practices of skepticism in the modern world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Renà © Descartes was the first philosopher to introduce the intellectual system known as â€Å"radical doubt.† According to Descartes, everything he had learned before could have possibly been tainted by societyRead MoreAn Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By David Hume Essay931 Words   |  4 Pagesreasoning (rationalism) has been the subject of academic debate among scholars. However, we will only focus on the limitation of pure reasoning, compare both David Hume and Rene Descartes’ views of knowledge, and decide whose belief works better to attain genuine knowledge in this paper. In the book â€Å"An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding†, David Hume specifically clarifies on how moral reasoning (induction) works in the knowledge of cause and effect and he shares on its limitation. Accordingly, he writesRead MoreDescartes vs. Hume Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesRene Descartes, a rationalist, said that each person contains the criter ia for truth and knowledge in them. Finding truth and knowledge comes from the individual themselves, not necessarily from God. Descartes also believed that reason is the same for every single person. Descartes believed that nothing could be true unless we as humans could perceive it. He also believed that you could break down things into smaller simpler parts. Descartes also believed that there was a relationship betweenRead MoreEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers of epistemology are Rene Descartes and David Hume, the former being a rationalist, and the latter an empiricist. In this paper I will attempt to give an understanding of both rationalism and empiricism, show the ideas and contributions each of the men made to their respective schools, and hopefully give my personal reasoning why one is more true than the other. Rationalism was developed by several important philosophers all around the 17th century. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnitz areRead MoreInternational Relations ( Ir )983 Words   |  4 PagesInternational relations (IR) is one of the fascinating fields of political science that different ancient and modern philosophers have written about. When reading for David Hume or Renà © Descartes, I have found many ideas that could be applicable to global politics and the relations between states. Even though these ideas might not be aligned with Hume or Descartes’s individual political philosophies, they are worth applying to the current global political system. The first idea is Descartes’s doubting of everythingRead MoreEssay on Cogito Ergo Sum770 Words   |  4 Pagestherefore I am, the epitome of Rene Descartes logic. Descartes came to the understanding that there was little he actually knew because he felt unclear about some things, besides the subject of mathematics, i n which he felt was clear and distinct. For him to truly have knowledge he would have to toss out all prior knowledge and start anew with a better foundation of self. The main foundation of his education was from the senses or through the senses. (D 60) Descartes proves that the senses can not

Rigor Qualitative Methodology Dissemination â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Aspects Affect Management Of Volume Of Big Data In Health Care Organization? What Are The Effects Of Those Aspects On Health Care? What Are The Loop Holes For Management Of Big Data In Health Care Organizations? What Are The Recommendations And Solutions For Overcoming The Issues In Health Care Organization? Answers: Introduction The purpose of this research project is to critically analyse and evaluate opportunities and challenges of using big data in business innovation. In particular the research narrow down to healthcare. There are various policies, procedures as well as practices in health care. These aspects are not similar in their considerations. There is a huge tremendous difference across all corners of the globe. Nevertheless, several objectives do not change irrespective of the systems in health care unit (Bates, Saria, Ohno-Machado, Shah Escobar 2014). These objectives include; upgrading patient experience, improving population of health as well as diminishing health care per capita. However, health care business is pressurized for containing expenses and promoting results of member. Big data offer very important asset in this sector. Health care aim to offer merits from various main developments in the field of data management and information technology. Data collection via electronic medical r ecords as well as data sharing via information exchange system together with improvement of data analysis and data management need data warehouses and tools for data analysis. Moreover, utility of big data has number of merits as compared to health care system. Typically, utility of big data assist in finding as well as targeting the correct cohort of people. Again, proper intervention delivery process at the most appropriate point in time can be befitted by utilizing big data in business innovation and for this case in health care organization. Utility of big data helps in programs adjustments and loop closing in management of data. It also assist in keeping electronic health records safe for the patients and other stakeholders (Baro, Degoul, Beuscart Chazard 2015). On the other hand, there are various challenges and demerits in using big data. To start with, decision making on data generated is a challenge, data privacy and consideration of ethical issues faced by end users while in the process of utilizing this application. Therefore, it is quite significant to take proper procedures which would be useful in overcoming various issues associated to utilizing big data applications in business innovation and particularly in health care system. Project Objective. The objective of this project need to be spelt out clearly so as to facilitate the research process. This involves determining opportunities and challenges of applying big data in health care organizations. As health care organizations face various issues for big data applications as well as their implementation in daily operations, it is important to conduct a research on determining these issues as well as provision of recommendations so as to offer possible solutions so as to overcome these issues. In this particular outline, descriptive research design is very significant and we should employ it so as to determine a well initiated solution (Cerjan 2013). Moreover, positivism research philosophy is to be employed in the research project so as to assist in determining accurate results. Deductive research approach is also very important for the research project. This is the main reason as to why it is should be employed in the current research. This particular project would be useful in provision of solutions in so as to overcome these issues as well as challenges faced by the health care organizations for management of big volumes of data. This research project aims at finding out all factors relevant and responsible for management of big volumes of data in health care organizations (Chawla Davis 2013). However, the main objective of this research project is to determine the loop holes and methods that can be applied to diminish factors that can result to effective and efficient operations of healthcare organizations. Therefore, the current research project can be used to strategize various options for healthcare organization and other ones in the business innovation systems. In addition, the project is very significant to assist managers and other staffs of the healthcare organizations so as to take effective and efficient measures in management of big volumes of data in the healthcare organizations. Still, the research project will open opportunities for further project research on related field. Project Scope. Big data management and implementation of associated technologies have brought numerous merits and opportunities in health care organizations. Nevertheless, the merits of big data management and applications are substantial and factual in nature. It therefore tend to remain a plethora of challenges that are need to address these issues. The main purpose of doing this is to fully realize and understand potential underlying big data management and implementation. Many of demerits are function of features of big data by the existing mechanisms and underlying models together with some demerits of present or rather the current data processing system in healthcare organizations. There are several extant study research that cover demerits in big data application in health care organizations. The current situation, healthcare organizations are facing various issues so as to be able to manage big data application based on decision making and judgments together with other factors (Davenport 20 14). Hence, viable and ultimate solution is in need for the healthcare organization so as to eliminate these issues that can be built by employing proper mechanisms and strategies for healthcare organizations. Literature Review This particular part of this research project aims on various factors of research project concerning various aspects of management and implementation of big data volumes in this research project. Thus, in the process of performing this project, there have been prior attempts to concentrate on various theories and statistical models that have a perfect positive correlation with the present project (Fisher, Bishop, Fawcett Magassa 2014). The project research thesis has been asserted as evaluation of opportunities and challenges of using big data volumes in Healthcare organizations. The core motto for this project is to offer better impacts for the project. Therefore, appropriate comprehension of the project and enhancement of knowledge and skills would be helpful in having effective and efficient termination of the project via construction of accurate results for the project (Gioia, Corley Hamilton 2013). In addition, analysis of critical aspects would be important so as to reconside r models and theories with an objective of processing reflections of the literature gap. Still, there have been prior attempts to investigate appropriate loopholes and gaps within these theories and models which are applied and need more extensive research together with the purpose of achieving better results as per desired and anticipated results in healthcare organization application of big data. Gaps opportunities of managing big data in healthcare organizations. Management of big data application systems have been producing hype health care organizations. There are a several scenario by which healthcare is appropriately suited for big data management and implementation solutions. Several research project are aiming on the healthcare organizations on the experiment of applying of big data volumes in management and implementation in daily operations of activities in health care units (GOK GOK 2016). Therefore, it emerge a perfect issue to struggle with various complexities of big data volumes in health care organizations. In the current project, addressing these complexities have been asserted so as to simplify big data. In 2003, the 8 vs. were coined to offer clear definition of big data volume, variety and velocity. The data analysts are required on simplistic as well as aspects to do for variability together with C for complexity and veracity. Under health care organization system, the huge volumes of big data have to be managed. EMRs have capabilities of collecting large quantities of data. Thus, a lot of data is typically collected from and for recreational purposes. On the other hand, velocity and volumes of data in health care organization systems require to be managed with appropriate mechanisms and measures (Harland 2014). Therefore, a range of majority of collection data require to be managed accurately and appropriately in the health care organization system. Even if the data requires to be estimated down of the track as number of applied cases increase, the various important application cases of the data need to be determined using reliable measures. There is a range in data for many of the systems such as in health care unit. Authentication of privacy and security of patient data need to be managed in health care organization. Health care organizations have to take employ appropriate procedures so as to enhance p roper security of big data (Hashem, Yaqoob, Anuar, Mokhtar, Gani Khan 2015). Typically, it flows on the open source technology. The alternative of choosing the research are needed to be implemented in health care organization. Hence, appropriate strategies and mechanisms would be very significant so as to achieve competitive advantages for health care organization as well as filling gaps available in management of big data. Hypothesis. Statistically, a hypothesis refers to claims that have not been proved. It can either be a null hypothesis or alternative hypothesis. Null hypothesis. Statistically this is denoted as H0. H0: The volume of big data has impact on health care organization. Due to existence of huge amounts of data concerning a particular patient and services offered by health care organization, there is a need to process this data (Sagiroglu Sinanc 2013). This has a significant implication on health care system. Therefore, it is needed to aim on the matter and apply system which will reduce the issue. Alternative hypothesis. Statistically it is denoted as H1. H1: The volume of big data does not have impact on health care organization. Under health care organization, it is very significant to process huge amount of data (Trainor Graue 2014). Therefore, health care organization employ proper strategies to manage the big volume of data. It results to no implication on the health care organizations daily operations. It is very crucial to choose proper methods of research in a project. Typically, there are three aspects of research philosophies. They include realism, interpretivism and positivism. Quantifiable observations are employed in positivism philosophy. Hence, analysis of statistical aspects occur under positivism philosophy. Moreover, positivism philosophy is based on scientific test. In this research project, positivism philosophy have to be applied in the project for applying factual knowledge and also lead for hypothesis testing and research questions (Trainor Graue 2014). Therefore, it is significant to realize the purpose of personnel for management of big data in the research project as per the expectation of health care organization. However, both interpretivism as well as realism philosophy are ignored in the present research project. The method of data collection used was survey and observations. The independent variables were the data, workers in health care organizations and patients under treatment. Samples for the survey and questionnaire strategies are basically collected from population according to particular criteria. For instance in the current project research, personnel involved in management of volume of big data in the in health care organization are chosen for the research as sample (Vidu, Schubert, Muoz Duque 2014). 200 workers are approached to cite their take on aspects faced by them in the process of management of volume of big data in the research project. Out of them 85 workers in health care organization agreed to offer their take on the topic of the project research. Research design. Typically, there are three kinds of research designs such as descriptive, exploratory and explanatory. Exploratory research design is based on description on causes of particular phenomena as well as prediction of future occurrence of phenomena. Under exploratory research, the main concern is problem formation, hypothesis together with clarification of several concepts in health care organization. Descriptive design is based on alternatives of explanatory and explanatory design. It majorly emphasizes on describing features of the sample and data collected (Wamba, Akter, Edwards, Chopin Gnanzou 2015). In this project, descriptive research design is applied so as to clarify research topic. In addition, so as to realize the challenges faced by workers in health care organization in management of volume of big data, descriptive research design is preferred .It is applied to realize challenges faced by employees during management of big data in health care organization. Therefore, descri ptive design is selected in this project while explanatory and exploratory designs are discarded. Research Limitations The major limitation in the health care organizations is management of data structure, data security, standardization of data, data storage as well as process used to transfer data. Moreover, data governance is also a limitation in the research under health care organizations. Again, this kind of research require access to private data in health care organization (Zhang, Qiu, Tsai, Hassan Alamri 2015). This kind of information may include special records of patients under consideration. Health care ethics do not allow provision of such data to the public. This limited further research in the topic under consideration. Conclusion In, conclusion, it is important to note that there are many gaps and opportunities as well as challenges faced in using big data in health care organizations. The mechanisms and strategies asserted in the context need to be applied in provision of appropriate and accurate results and solutions. It is good to note that utility of big data helps in programs adjustments and loop closing in management of data. It also assist in keeping electronic health records safe for the patients and other stakeholders (Zaslavsky, Perera Georgakopoulos 2013). Health care aim to offer merits from various main developments in the field of data management and information technology. Data collection via electronic medical records as well as data sharing via information exchange system together with improvement of data analysis and data management need data warehouses and tools for data analysis. Moreover, utility of big data has number of merits as compared to health care system. Typically, utility of bi g data assist in finding as well as targeting the correct cohort of people in health care organization. In summary, this topic has a greater application in the world of research today and in future. Reference Baro, E., Degoul, S., Beuscart, R., Chazard, E 2015, Toward a literature-driven definition of big data in healthcare.BioMed research international,2015. Bates, DW, Saria, S., Ohno-Machado, L., Shah, A., Escobar, G 2014, Big data in health care: using analytics to identify and manage high-risk and high-cost patients, Health Affairs,33(7), 1123-1131. Cerjan, C 2013,Numerical grid methods and their application to Schrdingers equation(Vol. 412), Springer Science Business Media. Chawla, NV, Davis, DA 2013, Bringing big data to personalized healthcare: a patient-centred framework. Journal of general internal medicine,28(3), 660-665. Davenport, T 2014,Big data at work: dispelling the myths, uncovering the opportunities, Harvard Business review Press. Fisher, KE, Bishop, AP., Fawcett, P., Magassa, L 2014, InfoMe: a field-design methodology for research on ethnic minority youth as information mediaries. InNew directions in childrens and adolescents information behaviour research(pp. 135-156). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Gioia, DA., Corley, KG., Hamilton, AL 2013. Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology.Organizational Research Methods,16(1), 15-31. GOK, T., GOK, O 2016, Methodology of Research,Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching(Vol. 17, No. 1). Harland, T 2014, Learning about case study methodology to research higher education,Higher Education Research Development,33(6), 1113-1122. Hashem, IAT, Yaqoob, I., Anuar, NB., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, SU 2015, The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues, Information Systems,47, 98-115. Sagiroglu, S., Sinanc, D 2013, Big data: A review. InCollaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 42-47). IEEE. Trainor, AA, Graue, E 2014, Evaluating rigor in qualitative methodology and research dissemination, Remedial and Special Education,35(5), 267-274. Vidu, A., Schubert, T., Muoz, B., Duque, E 2014, What students say about gender violence within universities: Rising voices from the communicative methodology of research, Qualitative Inquiry,20(7), 883-888. Wamba, SF., Akter, S., Edwards, A., Chopin, G., Gnanzou, D 2015, How big datacan make big impact: Findings from a systematic review and a longitudinal case study,International Journal of Production Economics,165, 234-246. Zaslavsky, A., Perera, C., Georgakopoulos, D 2013, Sensing as a service and big data, ArXiv preprint arXiv: 1301.0159. Zhang, Y., Qiu, M., Tsai, CW., Hassan, MM, Alamri, A 2015, Health-CPS: Healthcare cyber-physical system assisted by cloud and big data,IEEE Systems Journal.

Why Effective Thought Leadership Pieces are Worth the Investment

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Mustafa Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Mustafa Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Mustafa Haba una mujer muy chiquita que se llamaba Chiquitn. Chiquitn viva abajo de una calle. La calle estaba en una ciudad arbica, Mustafa. En Mustafa haba mucho sol, y era muy caliente. Haban muchas personas en Mustafa que podran hacer juegos malabares con espadas. Tambin haban otras que podran hacerlo con antorchas. Chiquitn no tena ningn centavo, y necesitaba robar comida cada da. Era muy fcil para Chiquitn porque ella era muy baja, y las personas no podran verla cuando ella robaba la comida. Cuando las personas miraban a Chiquitn, ella les morda a los dedos del pie, y se escapaba. Haba una persona que se llamaba Pumba. Un da, Pumba fue al Mustafa. Pumba era muy grande, y tena una voz muy baja. Un da, Chiquitn intent robar comida de Pumba. Pumba pud sentir a Chiquitn, y la vio por debajo. Cuando Pumba vio para abajo, Chiquitn le pic a los dedos de Pumba muy rpidamente, pero Pumba la agar antes que lla hiciera mucho dao. -Por qu ests robando comida de esas personas?- Pumba le pregunt a Chiquitn. -Porque yo no tengo comida, y por eso, necesito robar mis cosas,- respondi Chiquitn. -Es verdad?- -Si, es verdad.- -Por que le ests picando a los dedos de las personas?- -Es una manera de escapar.- Si quieres comida, debieras preguntarme.- -No, yo no le pregunto a nadie!- En este momento, Pumba pic a Chiquitn. -Por que haces eso?- pregunt Chiquitn. -Para que supiste como me siento,- repondio Pumba. -Mis dedos de mi pie me duelen mucho. Lo siento, Persona Grande. Que es tu nombre?- -Me llamo Pumba.- -Me llamo Chiquitn. Puedo tener un poquito de tu comida, Pumba?- -Absolutamente.-

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Exam - Essay Example Connelly (2010) gave many reasons to support his argument. He states that In his book ‘Congressional Government’ Wilson’s suggestion on American politics were incomplete and were not fully evolved to a certain extent. Even though he stated that â€Å"radical defect† (Connelly, 2010, 119) of the constitutional system is separation of powers he did not tackle or changed the fundamental flaw of separation of legislative and executive powers of American Constitution. Wilson suggested that â€Å"the cure for the friction of the separation of powers can be found in the fusion of party government† (Connelly, 2010, 119), however Connelly (2010) was of the opinion that he disregarded the separation of powers’ potentiality for fission. ... According to Connelly even though Wilson was a good politician and political scientist to point out the defects of the constitutional systems he lacked the perception to understand its strengths (Connelly, 2010). Even though Wilson stood out as a worthy opponent to James Madison federalist view, questioned and raised the defects of pluralist system, yet his idea of pure party government was not feasible under the system of separation of powers however it might have been possible within House of Representatives with majority according to Connelly (2010). Therefore Connelly opined that Woodrow Wilson’s project was doomed to failure. 2. How might Tocqueville explain the objectives of Piven & Cloward’s project to especially target the poor in voter registration drives? (minimum 300 words). Tocqueville (1838, 1) in his book ‘Democracy in America’ stated that â€Å"in United States even religion of most of the citizens is republican, since it submits the truths of the other world to private judgment, as in politics the care of their temporal interests in abandoned to the good sense of the people†. He further states that republican ideas are so ingratiated into Americans that they become habits, opinions and ultimately recognized formally as laws. To change republican’s notions hijacking the ideals of American and its democracy, Tocqueville (1838) suggests revolutionizing the whole society. He thinks that it can happen only with consistent efforts and series of events over a period of time with opposite opinions that can substitute this process. He also opines that in America, to destroy the republican ideology a difficult social process

Work of the Prophets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Work of the Prophets - Essay Example Rather God encourages Isaiah and Jeremiah to stress on different issues of the same truth with a view of different concerns of their times. Some foretold historical events have already come true, but the God’s truth spoken by two prophets stays timely nowadays. Timely character of two prophecies is mainly observed when reading about those sins of Judah and Israel Isaiah and Jeremiah point on. Thinking about analogies between modern times and â€Å"more than 2  500 years ago† Friedman (2011) fairly points that none of prophets speaks directly on economic markets, great unemployment or etc., but on false leaders, a general lack of justice, a lack of fair treatment and peace, and these issues are among modern Christian concerns. House (n.d.) admits that Isaiah firstly expresses concerns because nations are sinning against each other suffering from mutual oppressions. Isaiah claims that by sinning against each other humankind sins against God. Thus, nowadays, until there’re nations engaged in conflicts with other nations, or oppressing one another, it’s still sinning against God. Friedman (2011) points that Jeremiah’s preaching generally, is for â€Å"loving-kindness† however, about half of his prophecy’s dedicated to descriptions of sins of Israel and Judah nations. House (n.d.) refers it to Jeremiah’s â€Å"turbulent times† when neither common Judah nations, nor Israel rulers were listening to true words spoken by God through Jeremiah instead, listening to false words of false prophets. â€Å"People have gone away from the Lord† so much that Jeremiah himself was constantly threatened and hatred though his preaching was based on Ten Commandments (House, n.d.). Thus, Jeremiah’s mostly concerned with false idolatry. Worshiping â€Å"chiefs of Sodom† had already been a matter of concerns for Isaiah, and Friedman (2011) says sadly it has stayed so nowadays when Christians appreciate those powerful because of their wealth, and at the same time, there’re

Public key infrastructure Essay Example for Free

Public key infrastructure Essay Public key infrastructure is arrangements used to bind public keys with identities of respective user by means of certificate of authority. There should be unique user identity for each certificate of authority. Establishment of binding is through registration and issuance process which is carried out under human supervision or software at a certificate of authority depending on assurance level. Registration authority assures this binding where each user identity, their binding, the public key and validity conditions are made in a manner that it can not be forged in the public key certificates that are issued by the certificate of authority. Why Public Key Infrastructure Is Important Public key infrastructure enables users of unsecured public networks for example, internet to privately and securely exchange data and money by use of private and public cryptographic key pair obtained and shared through a trusted authority. It also provides for digital certificate that is used to identify an organization or individual and directory services used to store or revoke the certificates. (Warwick, 1998 pp50-55). Public key infrastructure enables computer users with no prior contact to use information in public key in their public key certificates to be able to encrypt messages to each other. It has a client software, smart cards, server software, assurances, legal contracts and operational procedures. Public key infrastructure enable parties in any dialogue establish message integrity and confidentiality without the need for exchanging any secret information in advance and do not need any prior contact. Public key infrastructure supports digital signatures that enhance security of transaction, services that are essential such as certificate revocation and validation, key backup and recovery. Updating key pairs simultaneously helps to minimize work load of administration for public key infrastructure. It also supports cross certification which creates truly federated identity through enabling integration among circles of trust. The other importance is that, it enables users to have large communication; partners and consumers transact and communicate in a dynamic way. It is reliable and cost effective where it does not involve use of huge amount of money. Public key infrastructure system is closely tied to enterprise directory scheme when public key of employees are stored together with his personal details for example, phone, e-mail, department and location. This saves time in retrieving the data that is needed because once the name of employee is known; all the necessary information concerning him or her is easily available in the same place. (Baum, 1998 pp 56-59). How It Relates To Information Technology (It) Security Communication security establishment operate and manage public key infrastructure bridge. It signs and manages common certification authorities that certify public key infrastructure. As information technology security, establishment of communication security helps in developing technical documentation and operational standards with respect to risk and vulnerability analysis, analysis of system and networks security and product evaluation in consultation with policy management departments and authority as they relate to public key infrastructure and applications that are related. Information technology security give advice and assist policy management departments and authority on standards of operation and technical documentation. When managers follow the advice given to them, their departments will be able to perform well and to the expectations of organization as a whole. They will assist the employee in performing their duties so that at the end they are able to do quality work that brings the desired results. (Steven, 1998 pp 23-26). Strategic security services are provided and technical advice to support implementation, design and operation of public key infrastructure and critical related elements of infrastructure. They develop and provide training which is specialized with respect to vulnerability of networks, conduct related research and development and appropriate mitigation strategies. Information technology maintains and advice architecture of overall system of public key infrastructure. It operates and manages merging technology test bed for supporting interoperability test between secure emerging technology applications and key public infrastructure. Business requires making partners, customers and suppliers more efficient, demands ways of securely opening up networks and applications. They look for different ways of carrying out business in order to enjoy the benefit of business communication and commerce provided by online channel opportunities which includes consumer web applications and business partner extranets. Authentication solutions have been costly and cumbersome in the past. There has been limited proliferation of these solutions. With VeriSign, customers are able to move to an easier and ubiquitous universal authentication solution relying on VeriSigns services of security to offer high breed security for internet and network resources. Managed public key infrastructure fast track is used for enterprises to secure small scale applications. Enterprises are able to control issuing of digital certificates to internal and external users while processing tasks of outsourcing data like generation of digital certificate, renewal, validation and revocation. (Steven, 1998 pp27-30). REFERENCES Warwick F. and Baum M. (1998): public key infrastructure interoperation: Science and Technology Spring, pp50-59. Steven S. (1998): Incorporation by reference and public key infrastructure: VeriSign, pp23-30.

Where Do You Get Love :: essays research papers

Where Do You Get Love   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As individuals, we seek a fantastical encounter with â€Å"true love.† Through the plays A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It, and Twelfth Night, Shakespeare’s characters find â€Å"true love† through various tests in which one of the lover’s identity is masked, either physically or subconsciously. While these three plays share different plots, they all portray Shakespeare’s stance that romance exists in human love, and that if the love is pure, it will prevail over the most eccentric circumstances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Midsummer Night’s Dream employs several mythical qualities, such as fairy’s and love potions. The love between Hermia and Lysander is put to an immediate test when Hermia’s father, Egeus says, â€Å"Scornful Lysander, true, he hath my love, And what is mine my love shall render him. And she is mine, and all my right of her I do estate unto Demetrius† (I, I, line 95-98). This causes the young lovers to venture into the forest, so their love can exist without interference. Falling under this spell causes Lysander to ignore, and treat Hermia poorly. Despite the actions of Lysander, Hermia stays true to her feelings of love for Lysander. These examples of faith, conveyed by Hermia, are central to Shakespeare’s position that true love is more powerful than any authoritarian figure or â€Å"love potion.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As You Like It portrays another example of Shakespeare’s vision of â€Å"true love.† The way in which Rosalind and Orlando meet and fall in love is conventional -- Rosalind falls in love with Orlando through his manly labors and good looks at his wrestling match with Charles. â€Å"Sir, you have wrestled well, and overthrown more than your enemies† (I, ii, 234-235). However, a new dimension is added to the play by Rosalind's disguise as Ganymede and her suggestion that Orlando pretend to court her. Rosalind charms the reader with the depth of her true love forOrlando. Shakespeare portrays Rosalind’s love both seriously and comically, through the quickness of her wit and her sense of humor when dealing with Orlando. As You Like It conveys Shakespeare’s belief that â€Å"true love† does exist in human love through a bizarre tale of unconditional love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twelfth Night portrays Shakespeare’s notion that â€Å"true love† will overcome all adversity. Shakespeare masks the identity of Viola, but contrary to the character of Rosalind, Viola finds herself caught between being in love, and being the love of Olivia. The concealing of the identity of Viola challenges her to honor her â€Å"true love’s† love for Olivia, a loyalty she even agrees to die for.

Dot.Com Bubble

R&D, Advertising and the Market Value of Internet Firms By: Damir Tokic Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Article Summary 3. Discussion 4. Conclusion Introduction During the Dot-com â€Å"bubble†, internet firms were highly valued compared to â€Å"old economy† firms. Internet firms’ stock prices were unrealistically high. Most of those firms were operating under loses and no tangible assets to warrant those prices. Analysts justified those prices and recommended buy ratings but later a crash followed. Article SummaryThis article explains the relationship between intangible assets (advertising and R&D) expenditures and internet firms’ market value during 1996-2000. The author presents two opinions in regard to internet stock’s valuation. The first theory is based on DCF methodology and asserts that due to poor earnings and low earnings visibility, internet stocks were irrationally overvalued in 1999. Secondly, based on the option pricing theory, it can be justified that the prices were warranted due to growth of those firms and volatility as primary value drivers.The article details five literature reviews on valuation – (1) Investment opportunity approach to valuation and more especially growth firms, (2) The life cycle theory, (3) The effects of intangible assets (R&D and advertisement) to market value, and (4) Valuation of internet firms using real options. Based on the life cycle theory, as the firm grows and matures, managers have a tendency to pursue growth rather than stockholders’ welfare. Those with comparative advantage over the competition tend to invest more in the growth stage to expand their operations.Under this theory, the value of the firm is divided into: (1) option value of growth opportunity, (2) present value of cash flows from asset-in-place. This model is based on the idea that the firm’s life cycle determines its expected returns. Expected return attributable to each component of value la rgely depends on the growth stage of the firm. Like in â€Å"old economy† firms, mature firms have all of their value in the present value of cash flows from the asset-in-place component while growth firms, their value is concentrated in the growth component.The author argues that intangible assets (i. e. advertising and R&D) greatly add value and since their benefits are mainly realized in the future, they should be capitalized rather than expensed. They positively impact the value of the market as they give some signals of future profitability. Therefore, increase in these assets has consistent effects on profits. The author points out that the market reacts more favorably to high-tech firms when R&D expenditures are announced than to low-tech firms.This is based on the hypothesis High-tech firms have promising growth opportunities whereby investments in R&D positively affect the market value. On the other hand, Investments in low-tech firms negatively affect the value due to no or negative growth opportunities. The author also points out that the efficient market does not capture advertising and R&D in the firm’s stock price because these investments are expensed rather than capitalized and therefore reduce the profits making the financial statements to be misstated.It may be possible that R&D intensive firms may be underpriced because investors focus on accounting information failing to see the future benefits of the R&D investments. On the other hand, especially for those firms with negative earnings, overconfidence investors will overestimate the future benefits from R&D investments thus causing overvaluation. Maintaining R&D and advertising intensity provides the positive signal that management are overconfident in future prospects and the market tend to overlook those signals making it possible to realize abnormal returns.The author also explains the real option valuation model which he blames on the high valuation of internet stocks duri ng the bubble period derived from the Black and Scholes option pricing theory. This theory suggests that it is possible to undertake initially unattractive projects which the traditional DCF model will reject. It may pay off to undertake R&D investments in a project with negative value if the early investments provide sufficient information about the future benefits of a project. The value of an internet firm is largely dependent on (1) firm’s ability to adapt to enormous ncertainty, (2) competitive landscape paced with technology innovations,(3) changing market conditions and (4) costs of searching for a profitable business model. Valuations can be extremely high if the initial growth rates are high and if there is enough volatility in this growth over time, The author’s argument is that high valuation of internet stocks is attributed to the investment opportunities approach. This approach suggests that the presence of growth opportunities to invest new capital result s to projects with a promising rate of rate return higher than normal.The investment opportunities approach states that value of a growth firm is equal to the PV of cash flows from assets in place and the present value of â€Å"growth† opportunity (Vj = V1 + V2). It suggests that investors should pay a premium for earnings of a growth firms relative to mature firms due to the presence of profitability multiplier in growth firms. The author proposes a modified investment opportunities approach which incorporates advertising and R&D into the equation when valuing growth firms; V = E/k m + RD+A/k (m-1).This is because total investments of growth firms is a combination of retained earnings and investments in intangible assets (advertising and R&D), thereby directly adding value to the firm. Discussion Valuation is the key to the survival of a firm. Bad valuation can lead to overvaluation or undervaluation. In the case the dot-com â€Å"bubble† it is apparent that those fir ms were overvalued partly because of the valuation models used and the market reaction. I think there was high excitement of the new economy which led to high speculations.Investors were very overconfident that those firms will make profits in the future due to growth opportunities readily available. A combination of increasing stock prices, market overconfidence, individual speculation in stocks, and widely available venture capital created an environment in which many investors were willing to overlook traditional metrics such as P/E ratio in favor of overconfidence in technological advancements. The author explains how intangible assets like R&D and advertising of growth firms have positive effect on market value due to future profitability.It therefore means that growth firms will invest more in R&D and advertising in order to maximize the growth opportunities. The life cycle theory suggests that at a maturity, increasing R&D and advertising have diminishing utility and managers have a tendency to pursue growth during the growth stage rather than stockholders welfare. During the bubble, it is clear that firms were chasing growth with high intensity in R&D and the market reacted positively to it. Financial analysts based their valuations solely on the growth and expectations of future earnings.This is why behavioral finance plays a role in trying to explain efficient market. In an efficient market, stock prices fully incorporate the value of intangible investments and therefore there should be no association between R&D intensity and future stock returns. But as the author suggests, firms with a high proportion of intangible assets are highly volatile because their future success is tied to the success of R&D projects. Another problem is that R&D and advertising are expensed under US GAAP significantly reducing the profits and misstating the accounting book value.If these expenses were capitalized, probably those growth firms would have seen some profits an d may be that is why investors did not care about their losses. Louis, chan & Theodore (2001) also advocate that companies with high R&D and advertising earn large excess returns and R&D intensity is positively associated with volatility. I tend to believe that in some cases, investors overestimate the benefits from R&D investments, especially for firms with negative profitability, which causes the overvaluation.The markets underreact to managers’ overconfidence to keep heavy investments in R&D at the expense of current profitability. In my opinion, I don’t think investors should overreact positively to heavy investments in R&D. In an efficient market, this intangible asset will fully be incorporated in stock prices. The author mentions that financial analysts justified the high valuations of internet stocks using the models derived from Blank and Scholes option pricing theory. During the â€Å"bubble† real option value was integrated in valuation of those firms .I agree with the author that real option itself has value if a firm undertakes initially negative NPV just to position itself in a growing industry. This real options is what made analysts overconfidence that the negative profitability or negative NPV will turn positive in the advanced stage of development. But there is a high uncertainty when using this model which translates to high value. As the author suggests, if the initial growth rates are sufficiently high and there is high volatility in this growth over time, valuations can be unrealistically high.Analysts believed that there were many options at the disposal of those firms and the negative profitability did not shake their high valuations Investment opportunities approach to valuation of internet stocks is seen as the cause of the â€Å"bubble† too. Under this approach analysts believed that the internet firms have many opportunities to invest new capital in projects promising rate of return higher than normal. The refore, in addition to present value of cash flows from assets in place, those firms also had another value from growth opportunities. The present value from growth opportunities is what gave those firms high values.The investment opportunities approach was even modified by the authors to include R&D and advertising which even made those values extremely high. Conclusion I believe that in a well-functioning system, with the incentives of intermediaries fully aligned in accordance with their fiduciary responsibility, public markets will correctly value companies such that investors earn a normal required rate of return. Financial analysts should incorporate the value of earnings in their valuation targets that were previously based solely on the growth and expectation of future earnings.This will help reduce the value of firms that lack profitability and prevent another bubble. References Chan, L. K. C, Lakonishok, J. , & Sougiannis, T. , (2001). The Stock Market Valuation of Researc h and Development Expenditures. The Journal of Finance. 56(6), 2431-2456. doi 10. 1111/0022-1082. 00411. Palepu, K. G. , Healy, P. M. , (2008). Business Analysis & Valuation. Mason, Oh: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tokic, D. , (2004). R&D Advertising and the Market Value of Internet Firms: Part 1. Journal of Internet Commerce. 3(2), 21-79

Essay about Analysis of Features Used in Advertisement

Analysis of Features Used in Advertisement Advertising has one basic aim, which is to persuade people to buy goods or services. However, tactics are employed by advertisers to convince customers that they need or want the goods or services offer. Often, advertising can create a need, for example, in the case of â€Å"must have† latest fashions or designer labels. This is done by manipulating certain features of an advert such as pictures, slogans, headlines, etc, to emphasise the things advertisers think are most likely to convince you to buy the product when you se the advert. I am going to look at some of the techniques used by advertisers to achieve their aims. According to Microsoft’s†¦show more content†¦Patent medicines were treatments for specific ailments made exclusively by a certain company, often containing a ‘special’ ingredient. For example, Fuller’s Earth Cream was a treatment for especially dry skin, containing an ingredient found in clay type soil. These firms made large profits of about 80-90% and could therefore afford to spend large sums of money on advertising. Radio and television advertising took the form to another new level and the increasing availability of the Internet is opening up more avenues for the industry. Indeed, many Internet â€Å"freebies† are funded from advertising revenues. Advertising is a crucial part of business so larger companies who can afford them employ advertising agencies. A large advertising agency nowadays consists of advertising and marketing specialists, designers, writers, artists, economists, psychologists, researchers, media analysts, product-testers, librarians and bookkeepers †¦ a reliable team! One very important factor in advertising is the â€Å"target group† – the people an advertisement is aimed at. For example, is the product targeted especially to women, as in the case of a perfume, or does it appeal to a certain age group? 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